To between 96% to 97% theoretical maximum density (TMD, or crystal density). Grade methanol (HMX, RDX) at about 80,000 PSI HNF, TNAZ ) or pressedįrom powders using 1 drop of spectrophotometric Were either pressed neat from powders (ADN, AP, The oxidizer samples used in the experiments These and other recent two-dimensionalĭiffusion flame structure results from our laboratory Work has also been done with neat HNF (hydrazinium nitroformate or (N2H5)`(C(NO2 )3 )1 Īnd sandwiches of HNF and other materials withĮnergetic binders and other oxidizers such as HMXĪnd RDX. New oxidizers, such as ADN (ammonium dinitramide). Apparatus diagram for planar laser–induced fluorescence experiments. It is a continuing effort of this laboratory to studyįig. HMX wasįound to undergo more condensed phase decomposition so that the gas species fed to the flame areĭifferent from RDX, which makes the flame structure different. It predicts measured species and temperature profiles and the global ballistic properties. Model has also been developed for HMX, and
HMX (cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine) is a Pressure exponent, and temperature sensitivity measured experimentally. Laser flux and very closely predicts the burning rate, The model also predicts the merging of flame zones with removal of To adequately predict the temperature and most of Model based on detailed kinetics has been able The secondaryĪnd primary flames collapse together without the extra flux from the laser, however. RDX was seen to have a two-stage flame structure RDX (cyclotrimethylene trinitramine) laser-supported deflagration and self-deflagration. Substantial work has been done in our laboratoryĪnd others to characterize the flame zone of neat Species and temperature profiles can be measured Techniques with adequate spatialĪnd temporal resolution must be employed so that The models used for a priori prediction of global ballistic properties. Once understood, the system can be modeled, and The propellant to understand the system as a whole. It is necessary to understand the decomposition processes and the kinetic mechanisms of the diffusionally mixed products of the materials that comprise Large AP particles see mostly theĬooler AP monopropellant flame, leading to a lowerĪ solid propellant flame is a complex system, and Lead to the highest burn rate, because the hot primary diffusion flame between AP and fuel dominates the heat feedback to the AP and leads to a high Ĭhanging the AP particle size can lead to a factor of Show particle size effects on ballistic properties. Thought to have diffusion flames between the AP andįuel decomposition products, and such propellants Perchlorate)–based composite propellants are Understanding the interaction between ingredients, as wellĪs diffusion flame structure, is important to understanding the effects of particle size on propellant ballistic properties. Since particle sizes can be the same scale as or larger thanįlame lengths, diffusion flames between ingredientsĪre important in some propellant systems. Like f uels and others more like oxidizers. Mixtures of several ingredients, some acting more Nearly all solid rocket propellants are composite Will not have the clear particle size ballistic tailorability seen with AP propellants, because diffusion flamesĪppear to be strong and close to the surface (and therefore burn-rate controlling) only in AP propellants. These results imply that ADN, HNF, TNAZ, RDX, and HMX propellants To have any diffusion flames with energetic or nonenergetic binders: the monopropellant flame was lifted Interface region and a somewhat faster nitramine regression rate. This leads to higher heat feedback in the The combination of HMX or TNAZ with AP leads to obvious diffusion flame interactions: the highly reactive AP-decomposition products accelerated the nitramine dark zone kinetics andĬaused the secondary flame to hold on the interface region. AP showed clear evidence for strong close diffusion flames with binders and even The high burn rate of ADN at pressures above 3 atm left the binder behind, and the diffusionįlames became weak. ADN wasįound to have diffusion flames with energetic binders at low pressures, but they were very far from the The surface than the HNF monopropellant flame, and not expected to be burn-rate controlling. HNF sandwiches, obvious diffusion flames were present at low pressure, but they were weak, further from Used to measure the two-dimensional NH, OH, and CN species profiles for these sandwiches. Planar laser–induced fluorescence (PLIF) was Various energetic and nonenergetic binders was studied. Laser-supported deflagration of ADN, AP, HNF, TNAZ, RDX, or HMX in sandwich configurations with SOLID PROPELLANT DIFFUSION FLAME STRUCTUREĬombustion Diagnostics Laboratory, Research Division, Naval Air Warfare Center Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 1996/pp.
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